無人的自然已不存在,現世發生的災害也不再是天然災害。從汽車廢氣排放臭氧導致酸雨腐蝕樹葉;到為尋找替代能源而發展的生質能發電對燃料的需求,柴薪枝幹木料無法留在森林導致土壤貧瘠;或是人為引入外來種滿足某種特定的目的而影響原生種;又或是因為野生動物保育、又缺乏大型獵食者,過量的草食動物對森林產生生長的影響……,這些人類行為與自然系統複雜的連動關係,已經不只是出發立意是否良善所能簡單判決的。當然維持原始林的保護範圍面積越大越好是重要的,而大部分時候,保育的訴求要能成功,往往希望連結人的生活,以喚醒人與自然的關係,比如日本的里山精神、聯合國的森林系生態服務價值等,不免引發諸如:懷舊式回到前現代生活或是現代舒適生活的替代方案、人類中心主義還是生態中心主義的保育論戰。擺在眼前的選擇,應該不是莎翁名劇裡「To be or not to be」的問題,而是面對各種人與非人行動者緊密交纏的複雜系統,進行對話、採取行動、試誤調適。
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